In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? 1. Fern 2. Lichen 3. Moss 4. Mushroom Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Lichens and mosses are pioneer species in primary ecological succession that can colonize bare rock surfaces because they lack true roots and can derive moisture and nutrients from the atmosphere or minimal organic debris. Ferns are vascular plants that generally require soil for root anchorage and nutrient uptake, while mushrooms are saprophytic fungi that need a substrate of decaying organic matter rather than just a bare surface. The core concept being tested is ecological succession and the specific physiological adaptations of pioneer organisms.