Consider the following fruits: 1. Papaya 2. Pineapple 3. Guava How many of the above were introduced in India by the Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Option (c) is correct because Papaya, Pineapple, and Guava are all New World crops introduced to India by the Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries as part of the Columbian Exchange. The most tempting wrong option, "Only two," often arises from the misconception that one of these fruits—frequently Guava—is indigenous to India, whereas all three were brought from the Americas. The core concept being tested is the impact of European maritime trade and global biological exchange on Indian agriculture.