Consider the following : 1. Demographic performance 2. Forest and ecology 3. Governance reforms 4. Stable government 5. Tax and fiscal efforts For the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance?
A
Only two
B
Only three
Correct Answer
C
Only four
D
All five
Explanation
The correct answer is (B) because, in addition to population, area, and income distance, the 15th Finance Commission specifically used **Demographic Performance**, **Forest and Ecology**, and **Tax and Fiscal Efforts** as criteria for horizontal tax devolution. "Governance reforms" and "Stable government" are incorrect as they are not part of the official mathematical formula used for revenue distribution among states. This question tests the core concept of **fiscal federalism** and the specific criteria used by the Finance Commission to ensure equitable resource sharing.
Fiscal FederalismFifteenth Finance Commission (FFC) Criteria for Horizontal Tax DevolutionFifteenth Finance CommissionFFChorizontal tax devolutiondemographic performanceforest and ecologytax and fiscal effortspopulationareaincome distance