In India, which one of the following Constitutional Amendments was widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of the Fundamental Rights?

The 1st Amendment (1951) was enacted to overcome judicial rulings in cases like *Kameshwar Singh v. State of Bihar* and *Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras*, which had invalidated land reforms and state restrictions on free speech. While the 42nd Amendment is a tempting choice because it sought to give precedence to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights, it was a broad overhaul during the Emergency, whereas the 1st Amendment was the original legislative reaction to specific judicial interpretations. This question tests the core concept of the historical power struggle between the Judiciary and Parliament regarding the implementation of socio-economic reforms versus the protection of Fundamental Rights.