Which of the following are associated with 'Planning' in India? 1. The Finance Commission 2. The National Development Council 3. The Union Ministry of Rural Development 4. The Union Ministry of Urban Development 5. The Parliament Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The National Development Council (NDC) was the apex body responsible for approving Five-Year Plans, while the Parliament provides the ultimate legislative oversight and final approval for these planning documents. Option (d) is the most tempting error, but the Finance Commission is a constitutional body focused on fiscal devolution rather than plan formulation, and individual Ministries are implementing agencies rather than central planning authorities. The core concept tested is the institutional framework of the Indian planning process and the functional distinction between fiscal federalism and economic planning.