Consider the following dynasties : 1. Hoysala 2. Gahadavala 3. Kakatiya 4. Yadava How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in early eighth century AD?

The correct answer is (d) because all four listed dynasties—Hoysala, Gahadavala, Kakatiya, and Yadava—were established much later, primarily between the late 11th and 12th centuries AD. Candidates might be tempted to choose (a) or (b) by confusing these with early medieval powers like the Rashtrakutas or Palas, but these specific dynasties rose as successor states during the high medieval period. The core concept tested is the chronological timeline and regional emergence of major medieval Indian kingdoms.