UPSC 2019ScienceModerate

Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India? 1. Genetic predisposition of some people 2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases 3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming 4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A
1 and 2
B
2 and 3 only
Correct Answer
C
1, 3 and 4
D
2, 3 and 4

Explanation

Option (b) is correct because the primary drivers of multi-drug resistance are the misuse of antibiotics, such as taking incorrect dosages (Statement 2) and their extensive non-therapeutic use in livestock (Statement 3), both of which allow pathogens to survive and mutate. Statement 4 is a common distractor, but having multiple chronic diseases does not inherently cause resistance; rather, it is the mismanagement of medication that leads to the selection of resistant strains. This question tests the core concept of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the anthropogenic factors accelerating the evolution of "superbugs."

Public Health & MicrobiologyCauses of Multi-drug resistance (MDR)Multi-drug resistance (MDR)microbial pathogensincorrect doses of antibioticsantibiotics in livestock farminggenetic predispositionchronic diseases

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