Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of

Bollgard I and Bollgard II are specific technologies used to develop genetically modified (GM) Bt cotton by incorporating genes from the bacterium *Bacillus thuringiensis* to provide resistance against pests like the bollworm. Unlike biofertilizers (option d), which are external microbial substances used to enrich soil nutrients, these technologies involve the internal alteration of a plant's DNA to express insecticidal proteins. The core concept being tested is the application of biotechnology in agriculture, specifically the development of transgenic crops for pest management.